HESI A2 Biology Flashcards

Question 1

Photosynthesis equation

Accepted Answer

CO₂ + water + light → glucose + oxygen. In chloroplasts.

Question 2

Positive feedback examples

Accepted Answer

Labor contractions and blood clotting — they amplify. Everything else is usually negative.

Question 3

Phases of mitosis

Accepted Answer

Prophase, Metaphase (Middle), Anaphase (Apart), Telophase (Two nuclei).

Question 4

Mitosis

Accepted Answer

One cell → two genetically identical cells. Growth and repair.

Question 5

Gene

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA coding for a particular protein or trait.

Question 6

DNA base pairing

Accepted Answer

A pairs with T, C pairs with G. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine.

Question 7

Osmosis

Accepted Answer

Passive movement of WATER across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 8

Independent vs dependent variable

Accepted Answer

Independent is what you change; dependent is what you measure.

Question 9

Liver

Accepted Answer

Produces bile, detoxifies, stores glycogen.

Question 10

Nucleus

Accepted Answer

Stores DNA and directs the cell's activities.

Question 11

Blood flow

Accepted Answer

Body → RA → RV → lungs → LA → LV → body.

Question 12

Active vs passive transport

Accepted Answer

Active needs ATP and moves against the gradient; passive is free and moves with it.

Question 13

Why are viruses not 'alive'?

Accepted Answer

They are not cells and cannot reproduce without a host.

Question 14

Mitochondrion

Accepted Answer

Produces ATP through cellular respiration — the cell's powerhouse.

Question 15

Active transport

Accepted Answer

Moves substances AGAINST the gradient; requires ATP.

Question 16

Cellular respiration equation

Accepted Answer

Glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water + ATP. In mitochondria.

Question 17

Ribosome

Accepted Answer

Builds proteins.

Question 18

Control group

Accepted Answer

The group that does NOT receive the treatment — the comparison baseline.

Question 19

Scientific method

Accepted Answer

Question → hypothesis → experiment → collect data → conclusion.

Question 20

Homeostasis

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a stable internal environment, usually by negative feedback.

Question 21

Chloroplast

Accepted Answer

Site of photosynthesis — plant cells only.

Question 22

What does an enzyme do?

Accepted Answer

Lowers activation energy; is not consumed. Denatured by heat or extreme pH.

Question 23

Golgi apparatus

Accepted Answer

Modifies, packages and ships proteins.

Question 24

Bb × Bb outcome

Accepted Answer

1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb — phenotype ratio 3 dominant : 1 recessive.

Question 25

Four macromolecules

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate (quick energy), lipid (storage/membranes), protein (build/repair), nucleic acid (information).

Question 26

Hypertonic solution effect

Accepted Answer

Water leaves the cell → it shrinks. Hypotonic → it swells.

Question 27

Red vs white blood cells

Accepted Answer

Red cells carry oxygen; white cells fight infection.

Question 28

Dominant vs recessive

Accepted Answer

A dominant allele shows with one copy; a recessive needs two.

Question 29

Genotype vs phenotype

Accepted Answer

Genotype = the alleles (Bb). Phenotype = the observable trait.

Question 30

Classification order

Accepted Answer

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Question 31

Meiosis

Accepted Answer

One cell → four non-identical cells with HALF the chromosomes. Sex cells.

Question 32

Transcription vs translation

Accepted Answer

Transcription: DNA → mRNA (nucleus). Translation: mRNA → protein (ribosome).

Question 33

Human chromosome numbers

Accepted Answer

Body cells 46 (diploid); sex cells 23 (haploid).

Question 34

Prokaryote vs eukaryote

Accepted Answer

Prokaryote (bacteria) has NO nucleus. Eukaryote has one.

Question 35

Diffusion vs osmosis

Accepted Answer

Diffusion moves solutes; osmosis moves WATER. Both passive.

Question 36

Cell membrane function

Accepted Answer

Selectively permeable — controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Question 37

Lysosome

Accepted Answer

Contains digestive enzymes; breaks down waste and worn-out parts.

Question 38

Mitosis vs meiosis

Accepted Answer

Mitosis: 2 identical cells, full chromosomes. Meiosis: 4 different cells, half.

HESI A2 Biology Flashcards

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